Phonology of Mernyang Language
Chapter One of Phonology of Mernyang Language
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the language of study, the people speaking the language and where they can be found. It also introduces us to the background of the speakers of the language which includes their way of life (culture) and their beliefs, it also gives a brief explanation of the scope of study. Methods of data collection, genetic classification and the theoretical framework used in carrying out the research on the language are included.
GENERAL BACKGROUND
Mernyang language is a language spoken in Qua’an-pan local government of Plateau state. The speakers majorly reside in Kwa while others reside in other districts like, Kwang, Dokankaswa, Doemak, Namu, Kwalla and Pwall in this same local government. The estimated population of the Mernyang speakers is about 5,000 according to 2007 census.
Mernyang speakers are referred to as the Pan people, while among themselves they are known as Mernyang speakers. These people are said to have migrated from the North East in Dala, Kano State.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Going by oral history and written record, the Mernyang people are said to have originated from a group of people known as Kofyar who are residing on the top of hills in Plateau state in Qua’an-Pan local government. Dafyar, from whom the Mernyang own their descent is said to have procreated with his sister Nada, as they were the only survivors of a cataclysm. This fatal incident made Dafyar and his sister Nade leave Dala in Kano and sailed on the river to a place where they hid themselves in a cave called Chor in Kopfubum near the present day Kofyar. Since then, Dafyar and his offsprings have been residing on the Kofyar hill.
The offsprings of Dafyar had fanned out into many other sub groups and intermarried thereby producing a much wider cultural mix. The offspring of Dafyar comprised his sons and grandsons or even great grand sons and so on.
Oral tradition has for long maintained the fourteen (14) who have been popular due to the settlements that grew in the wake of their earlier location. Among these sons of Dafyar was Darep, Soekoetko who founded the ‘Kwa’ settlement which is approximately three kilometers (3km) away from Kofyar. Darep was the first person to settle in the place known as ‘Kwa’ village today in Qua’an-Pan local government area of Plateau State. Since then he had been giving birth to children who were and are also producing sons and daughters such that the current estimated total population of the speakers of Mernyang is 5,000. The movement of the Mernyang people form Kofyar to ‘Kwa’ was mainly for agricultural purpose. The major occupation of the Mernyang people is farming, so they found a suitable farming land in ‘Kwa’. This made majority of the people in Kofyar descend and later settle down there. Today, majority of the Mernyang speakers are found in Kwa.
SOCIO-CULTURAL PROFILE
The Mernyang people like many other tribes have their own unique cultural lifestyle. The Mernyang people have some unique lifestyle which are discussed below:
Marriage System
The system of getting married among Mernyang people is interesting, simple and perhaps less demanding, though systematic. As usual after the man and the woman who are in love with each other have agreed to marry each other, the first stage comes in. This first stage, the groom and his friends will go to the bride’s house in order to reveal his intention of marrying their daughter to them. The groom would take along two jaws of local wine which the people call ‘Doeskoelo’ to the bride’s parents.
At this occasion, the bride’s parents would ask their daughter if she is interested in the marriage. If she does they would ask her to collect the Jars of ‘Doeskoeloe’ from the groom, signifying she agrees. The second stage involves the groom’s parents visiting the bride’s parents where the latter would be asked to supply some items for acceptance that the groom is free to take their daughter. The items include; goat, chicken, salt, rice, palm oil and benny seed. These items are the major ones required only if the brides parents want more or less. The third stage has to do with the bringing of those items by the groom’s family to the bride’s family. Once accepted, the groom can take his wife home. The fourth and final stage entails the groom and the bride conducting marriage ceremony either in the church or mosque depending on the religion of the couple.
Mode of Kinship
The traditional system of ruling among the Mernyang people is monarchical. That is, another chief (king), known as ‘long’ in Mernyang language, can assume the throne only if ruling chief dies. However, the choice of who will be the next chief in the royal family is not the one by appointment but by election. There would be two or three sons in the royal family who will compete for the vacant seat. The voting by the royal family members would determine the next chief. After this, the king makers have to test the competence of the elected candidate, and if found worthy, then becomes the chief.
Religion
According to oral history, it is believed that the traditional religion of the Mernyang people was idol worshipping. The advent of foreign missionaries however brought Christianity and Islam, such that today, idol worshipping has been eradicated among the people. At present, the predominant religion among the Mernyang people is Islam. Though there are few Christians and the existence of festival celebrations.
Occupation
In Kwa, the geographical location of the Mernyang speakers, the major occupation is farming. Hardly can one look around without seeing millet and guinea corn plants which are their main plants in the land. Besides this, others still engage in fishing and hunting in order to make ends meet. Among food derived from millet or guinea corn is ‘nigum’ grounded with groundnuts, meloni fish and palm oil or even pieces of meat. This is made into a thick folded corn leaves.
Food
The favourite food items of the Mernyang people are millet and guinea corn, little wonder that they are mainly millet and guinea corn for consumption, including their favourites drink generally known as ‘burukutu’. The traditional food of the Mernyang people is beans called ‘bálá’. The food is served to important people.
Housing
A typical Mernyang house is made with mud or clay with grass-roofing on top. This type of house is dominant every where in the land. However, civilization has forced some educated ones among them to build modern houses, yet lying to be inhabited.
Dressing
The mode of dressing of the Mernyang people is similar to that of the Hausas. Typically, they are often seen dressed in their native ‘agbada’ with the popular ‘aburo’ cap. While their women are dressed in ‘buba’ and two wrappers tied round their waist.
Geographical Location
Speakers of Mernyang language are geographically located at the northern part of Nigeria, Plateau state. Additionally, the people are found concentrated at the southern region of Plateau state where they are surrounded by hills and beautiful vegetations. The local government area where the people can be found is Qua’an-Pan, the nearest large towns to them are Jos in Plateau state and Lafia in Nasarawa state.
Festivals
Among the Mernyang people, there are two major festivals that are being observed. The first one comes up annually and it involves all the speakers of Mernyang at home and abroad, far and near. This is done once in a year usually in the first quarter of the year. During this occasion, a lot of activities are usually lined up to inform, educate and entertain the entire Mernyang people as well as their supporters and neighbours. This annual festival is traditionally called ‘Pan’. It is often regarded as an event mark the happiest or most joyous day in a year among the people. More interestingly during this event, a lot of social dances and musical presentations are exhibited, among which are; giyajhang feer, cheer, koem, snal be’et, gyajeplang, gyamoefan, Doerung, gaagala etc Other folk activities are; Nadoeng, Doet, Pagal, Shee, Koes, Fnaskop, Seegoefin, Nawak, war etc.
The second festival is celebrated district by district. Each district has its peculiar way of observing this festival. Also, a lot of activities are usually show-cased for the education and entertainment of the audience that grace the occasion.
SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This long essay aims at studying aspects of Mernyang phonology. It will cover the general introduction to the study, the sound inventory of the language, the phonological process and tonal features attested in the language.
This research work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the general background of the people, the status of the language and the historical background of the people. Also, in chapter one, the socio-cultural profile of the people and the genetic classification of the language are examined. The chapter also gives a brief discussion of the theoretical framework to be used in the work and explains the mode of data collection and analysis.
Chapter two discusses the sound system of the language as well as the tonal syllable structures.
In chapter three, attention is focused on the phonological process attested in the language. Chapter four addresses the tonal processes with their distributional patterns. Chapter five summarizes the work, gives some recommendations and concludes the study.